What victims will Smartphones claim?

When television was introduced, initially, there was no impact. Then, there was a seconday impact on our social habits - we stopped visiting relatives and friends as often, lest we disturb their watching Chhayageet or the Sunday movie. Apart from that, the generation gap between children and their parents grew wider - with TV viewing being the commonest friction point.

When Desktop Publishing arrived, for some time, it was a curiosity - because only 2 fonts were available and the software was terribly slow on PCs. But within 3-4 years, jobs of "Cut-and-Paste Artists" at phototypesetting units disappeared totally. Of course, they were replaced by KPO Companies offering Pre-Print Services.

Similarly, when the Internet and mobile telephony was upon us, we did not initially realise the impact. Then several impacts happened:

• Email went from being an esoteric, nerdy mode of communication, to an absolute essential (What?! You don't have an email account?!) in less than 5 years.
• The Post Office lost one major source of revenue - post, now pejoratively dubbed "snail-mail" - almost for ever. In the same period of time.
• Porn - an deluge of it - was upon us. The parents of teens among us either remained blissfully unaware, but kept wondering why their wards had become so withdrawn or rebellious; or wrung their hands with worry about the warping influence that it could have on our kids. Now, it has become so commonplace that few parents, if any, worry so much anymore.
• When adoption of mobile phones (more or less contemporaneous with the Internet) exploded, the Post Office got another body blow - how many send greeting cards today? We use SMS or MMS or e-Mail. We innovated the "missed call". 

Now, smartphones, phablets and tablets are well and truly upon us. They have already washed away the PDAs - PIM devices that were not mobile phones. Now, I am counting what else has been washed away (at least as far as I am concerned) by the computing revolution that the smartphone represents:

• No more "mobile stereo music devices" like Walkman, Discman, or Radio. Even iPods are on their way out. 
• No more radios or even Car FM Radios for music - we can choose what we want to hear on a 16GB USB stick that can carry a zillion songs. And we can get FM Radio on some of our smartphones. 
• For important news on the go, now, there is Twitter - anything that I really need to know will be on Twitter quicker than I can hear it on radio. 
• No more wristwatches except as a style statement. 
• No more alarm clocks. Anyway, I can no longer imagine leaving home without my Google Nexus 7. 
• If there is a choice, today, I would choose e-Books over physical books. Imagine book that can be read at night with the lights off, without disturbing your spouse! And that does not burden you any more? I am now reading more books than since my college days - due to the sheer convenience. A book often weighs more than a Tablet.  
• Newspapers and Magazines will die out too. Newsweek, and Martha Graham are two big marquees that have gone online only. There are several online-only publications like Huffington Post (which recently bagged a Pulitzer) and Business Insider.  I am still to wean myself off newspapers, it is too ingrained a habit - but that can happen, very, very soon. Already, I don't remember when I last bought a magazine at a newsstand. Not because I don't read them -  but because I get a host of Indian and foreign newspapers and magazines on Flipboard or Google Current; updated automatically every time I open it. Sameeer and Vineet Jain need to really worry - their huge, profitable franchise is likely to decline, but before they do, almost the entire newspaper industry in India may wither away. 
• I now use my Netbook (already written off by many as a dodo, but still surprisingly useful and convenient) only to write - and rarely to read. That includes work-related reading as well. So probably, PCs and laptops will fade from my memory. Already, all working in my office have their own tablets and smartphones. They often share documents using Google Drive, which could be done using a Tablet as well. 
• Much less spending on movies - with smartphones capable of HD video, Teenagers will watch movies in cinema theatres only for the company, or for new movies that they cannot download and watch. For the older generation, it is easier to watch old movies or song clips, or listen to old songs on the Internet; and what can be more convenient than watching it on a tablet in Hi-Def? 
• The jobs of watchmen and security personnel will disappear - but not so fast - what with cheap DVRs and security cameras with output viewable on a Tab wherever you are, proving to be more efficacious - my friend, an industrialist, keeps tabs on his factory using his Tab over wi-fi or using a SIM-based Internet connection, no matter where he is. He actually caught one of his security guards stealing copper wire by playing back CCTV footage; and nabbed the thief before he reached home!  

Can you add to this list of possible victims of smartphones? 

Global Power Shift

This is just a series of observations that support my idea that we are living in what, in a few decades, will be seen as tumultous times.

Recently, there was a news item that stated that by 2020, China will become a larger economy than the US; and by 2050, India will top even China, leaving the US a distant third. This is not someone's wishful thinking, but just the magic of compounding – of economic growth, rather than of your money in a bank.

Today, we are all living at the crossroads of history. A subtle power shift, significantly visible in time frames of decades, but barely perceptible at the time frame level of a day or a week, is happening all the time. Witness the following:

• The Arab Spring happened over a period of months and still seems dramatic. I doubt if the spring has completely spent itself. It is not yet all cool in Syria and Egypt, and it may yet erupt again in some other nation(s).
• Technology laughs at national and geographic borders. Accountability and clean governance pressures were earlier driven within each nation's power centres, laterally. However, now there are vertical pressures that cross national borders earily – thanks to telecom, internet, satellite broadcasting and global moneychangers (both, traders and speculators).
• Unregulated or unpoliced space soon becomes populated with groups that thrive on chaos and absence of regulation. Witness Somalia, Sudan, South Sudan, etc. to see the truth of this.
• Unregulated pockets in otherwise regulated economies also give birth to chaos. While this is not to be taken as an approval of the concept of a police state, it is sobering to hear Paddy Ashdown cite a fact that 60% of the $4M that funded the 9/11 bombings passed through the WTC itself!
• Now, the enemy is within each country. Thus, for properly defending a country, the defence ministry may need to speak to the Health ministry (to protect against pandemics); Ministry of Commerce and Industry (the hi-tech infrastructure of the country is sensitive and vulnerable to attack), Home Affairs (to track infiltrators), and Transportation (Air/ ship/ road security). Defending our borders is just not enough.
• The maximum vulnerability is at all “interconnection points” (airports, docks, bus and train terminals). So defending at such points necessarily means overlap in responsibilities and powers. Hence, working with others efficiently is a capability all need to develop.
• Defence co-operation is not enough. Nations and people living in them need to realize that war is an immensely expensive zero-sum game that can go on infintely to their collective detriment. Only then can long-festering disputes cool down sufficiently to permit normal life.
• In 1945, when WW-II ended, there were about 100 countries. Today, there are nearly 200. We are adding almost 1.5 new  countries a year on an average over the last 67 years.  At the same, time, we have witnessed European countries lowering the borders and becoming a single currency area (that initiative is arguably in the endgame stage already).
• Siberia has such inclement weather that in the Far East province of Russia (area double of India) less than 60 Lakh people live. Greater Mumbai has double that population! However, it is a source of power for Russia – most of its natural gas and oil is sourced from this vast area. Surprisingly, this is a source of power for China too! Global warming has given rise to vast wheat fields in Siberia – but there is no one in Russia to feed. Russia's population is shrinking. But we see that some 600,000 Chinese migrate to Siberia, cultivate wheat during the summer on vast leased farm tracts, and come back home every year. This wheat feeds a good proportion of the Chinese population.
• China is controlling a larger and larger part of the world – without firing a shot. They are, quite literally, either buying them up, or colonizing through sheer numbers of immigrants. They are “partnering for prosperity” with several poorer countries, notably in Africa. Thereby, it is creating a China-centric circle of influence that rivals that of the US already. China has trade relationships with Korea, Japan and other countries in the neighborhood, and lower tariffs for poorer countries. In Singapore, Vietnam and Malaysia, the ethnic Chinese population is a significant, loosely united power bloc. In BRICS and in the Asian Free Trade Zone, China is assuming an increasingly dominant role. For example, on Iran, both China and Russia have vetoed UN Resolutions sponsored by the US for increased sanctions. China is still the largest customer of Iranian oil, with India being second.
• Chinese yuan is threatens to emerge as an alternative reserve currency in addition to the dollar and euro, which (when, not if, China can get away with it) will deflate the US balloon much faster than one can imagine. When that happens, the US will be awash (not overnight, but over a finite period of, say, 3 years) with inflation of  the trillion dollars of bonds that China won't need. Thus, the US seems poised to deteriorate as a global power. Inflation robs from the poor, and shifts even more economic power to the rich, so it will exacerbate social tensions in the US, as the feeling is already rife that the US bends backwards to accommodate the rich, at the cost of the poor. The recent BRICS meet discussed this concept, but shied away from pushing immediately for it. If, and when, yuan gets adopted as an alternative reserve currency, the power shift will accelerate.

I intend to develop this line of thinking further in coming days and weeks. I welcome inputs in the form of comments from anyone who has more to contribute to this line of thinking.

Algorithmic Trading - Why Indian Stock Markets are Endangered

A few months ago, I had blogged about tight coupling in financial markets. In that entry,I had explained at a micro-level the impact of algorithmic trading. Given below is a "macro" story about how high-frequency trading in securities using computer programs played a big role in (though I would stop short of saying that they caused) a violent fluctuation in shares' and securities' prices on Wall Street last year. In less than 15 minutes, the Dow Jones Industrial Average Index plummetted and lost almost 6% of the opening value - and then recovered almost all of it in the next 15 minutes.

What happened on May 6, 2010 on Wall Street?

Major equity indices in futures as well as securities markets, already down 4% from the earlier day's close, suddenly plummetted a further 5-6% before recovering equally quickly, all in minutes. This affected almost all the 8,000 securities and ETFs in similar manner. Over 20,000 trades were reported to have been transacted at prices 60% from their prices just a few moments earlier.

Why did this happen?

At 2:32 pm, on an already volatile day, Waddell and Reed Financial Inc (not named by the joint CTFC-SEC report dated Sept 30, 2010, but named by many news reports) started a computer program to sell 75,000 E-Mini futures contracts worth close to $4.1 Bn. This was programmed to sell at any price and time, so instead of an orderly sale over a few hours, it sold this huge quantity of contracts within the space of 20 minutes, accelerating the sales as prices fell.

What actually happened during the crash?

The contagion spread to the equities market when arbitrageurs noticed the growing gap between the equities and futures prices. A significant finding is that 6 HFT (High Frequency Trading) firms (i.e., firms that extensively used algorithmic trading) remained active in the market even during the crash period of a few minutes. A blow-by-blow account follows:

• Five minutes into the crash, at 2:37 pm, data feeds from computers groaning under the huge numbers of contracts, started slowing down, leaving both, exchanges and investors uncertain about where share prices stood.
• The NASDAQ went into “self-help mode” at 2:37 pm where the transactions were not routed through NYSE's Arca electronic trading platform. CBoT and BATS exchanges (BATS at 2:49 pm) followed and also went into “self-help mode” which means that trades on NASDAQ, CBoT and BATS did not need to honour an Arca quote from NYSE.
• By 2:40, some trading and market-making firms started pulling out, due to algorithms that pause when they sense large price movements that could be due to questionable data feed. This left the market short of ready buyers and sellers. Apple, for example fell by $23 in 2 minutes, with the buy-sell spread going up to $5 instead of a few cents.
• Volumes of E-Mini contracts that normally mimic the S&P 500 surged but liquidity dried up. As a result, at 2:45:17 pm, E-Mini prices plunged 12.75 cents in half a second. This set off a circuit breaker that halted trading for 5 seconds.
• As individual stocks declined as much as 10%, ETF traders started withdrawing from the market.
• Then, at 2:46, even more strange things started happening because of the sheer speed difference between trades being put through and displayed – P&G shares were offered for purchase at prices higher than offered for sale! This is never supposed to happen in an electronic exchange.
• At 2:47, Dow reaches its nadir for the day, down 998 points or 9.2% from the opening level. Accenture, trading minutes earlier at $40, was offered at 1 cent.
• Then, at 2:49, the Dow rebounded by 300 points in 1 minute.

• There were no takers for ETF shares – iShares S&P500 Value Index Fund traded for 11 cents. But the broad recovery continued. By 2:58, indices reached the level they were at 2:30 pm.
• At 3:01, almost a half-hour to the minute since the crisis began, NASDAQ snapped out of its self-help mode and resumed routing orders to the Arca trading platform.
• At 4 pm, the DJIA closed 340 points below its previous close.

The Joint CFTC-SEC investigating committee reported that several HFT firms they interviewed had algorithms that took trading decisions based on direct proprietary data feed from the exchange directly rather than on consolidated market data, to reduce “latency” or delays measured in milliseconds. These algorithms went awry when the data feed from the exchange slowed down. Those HFT firms that did not depend on direct feeds for trading decisions got contradictory feeds that led to unease in taking decisions. Yet others that were not concerned with data latency in milliseconds simply withdrew from the markets.

The HFT firms that depended on their algorithms for trading decisions were not affected by the “self-help” declarations of NASDAQ, CBoT and BATS, and continued to rout orders to these exchanges. Therefore, the “self-help” declarations were ruled out as a cause of the volatility.

While no clear single cause was pointed out, HFTs using algorithms to trade rapidly (in one documented case, 200 trades exchanged hands 27,000 times in 14 seconds) were commonly thought of as the villains. It must be said, though, that there have been spirited defences by algorithmic trading experts, who point (among other factors) to volatility when markets are closed (ie difference between closing prices and opening prices on next day) as the real villain of the piece – on the logic that overnight differences can only be caused by humans, who are prone to panic unlike computers.

Even so, the SEC has since instituted a system of circuit breakers to arrest rollercoaster falls like the one experienced on Wall Street on May 6, 2010. This is another lesson that they have learnt by experience – instead of simply looking eastwards and learning from Indian bourses.

What can we learn from this?

But now, the stage has come to re-learn from our own wisdom. Algorithmic trading is now allowed on Indian bourses. Reports have suggested that over 40% of all trades are done by computers on NSE and BSE. Add to it the other dangerous fact - that FIIs that invest "hot money" that can fly out of the country in seconds account for over 70% of all floating stock (ie, stock that gets traded on the bourses).  See this in juxtaposition with the often displayed behaviour of FII fund managers who, like a herd of sheep, make a beeline for the two exits (NSE and BSE) for their investments at the merest sniff of danger anywhere in the world (even if it does not endanger their holdings in India), and it becomes clear that we have set up our bourses for spectacular volatility where securities' prices falling off a cliff in minutes will become sickeningly regular occurrences.

BofA reacts to an article that says things remarkably similar to what I wrote 13 days back!

On August 10, I wrote about Bank of America, and headlined my blog entry with the words, The Death Spiral beckons ... . I then wrote a follow-through piece, on  August 16, highlighting the gathering storm clouds around BofA. Then, I attempted to put what I wrote about BofA into perspective for Indian readers of my blog, by explaining how serious the situation of BoA was, really, for itself and for the US economy, and indeed, for the rest of the world. 

On August 23, Henry Blodget, a former Wall Street analyst and currently CEO of Business Insider, an online financial news and views publication wrote about Bank of America. Blodget has cited many more figures - and exaggerated at least two, according to Bank of America's official Press Release. But Blodget exulted, 'Oh My Goodness: Now Bank of America is blaming its Collapsing Stock on Me!' He admitted that BofA was right about one of the two points of rebuttal, and updated the article to reflect the correct figure.

Why do I write about Blodget and BofA? I think I may have just influenced what Blodget wrote. Of course, it is entirely likely (and probably true) that Blodget arrived at the same conclusions as I did on his own. But that cannot obfuscate the fact that the substance of what he wrote on August 23 is remarkably similar to what I wrote in the three pieces referred to above. He even uses the same phrase - the death spiral - in his piece. Now, that is a coincidence, indeed!

Imitation, it is said, is the sincerest form of flattery. I should feel flattered indeed, except that

(a) Writing about BofA pained me, but when elephants flail around, ants get trampled. So I thought a warning was in order, to point out something the bank was hiding behind accounting opacity. Now, I have no illusion about being so well-regarded that BofA or the US economy or Wall Street would take note. But then, through Henry Blodget, exactly that seems to have happened!

(b) When what (in my view) is almost inevitable happens, those who took evasive action to the extent they could (after understanding what I, or for that matter, Blodget, had to say) will have me to thank in a small measure. That is the only moral justification for predictions of financial doom (which have a disconcerting habit of being self-fulfilling these days) in writing. What makes me puke is that Blodget is enjoying the discomfiture he is causing BofA.

Of course, Blodget has not cared to acknowledge that he has read my blog and been influenced by what he wrote. But then, how will he know that my blog had more readers in the United States than in India in the week upto August 16? (you need to be logged into Facebook to see that link).

Blodget probably thought he was the only guy in the US who read it. But then, even after being in the online news business, I am sorry that he has not fathomed the power of the Internet.

Now to Bank of America again - their Press Release  reproduced here defends itself weakly by talking of its tangible book value per share as of June 30. This is a non-GAAP measure by BofA's own admission in its Balance Sheet (read the footnote to my death spiral writeup). GAAP means Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. Non-GAAP measure thus means, by definition, not a generally accepted accounting measure. If you read what BofA wrote about Goodwill, the only figure I concentrated on in the death spiral blog entry, you will realize that BofA knew it was on tricky ground there.

Putting the Bank of America situation in perspective

What would you think of the state of the Indian economy, if what I said of BofA and Citibank was said of State Bank of India and ICICI Bank in India by some economist of repute? 

The situation is that serious for the US and for many countries in Europe, where the nation's top banks have dug themselves into deep holes that not even the EU or their respective Governments can afford. All these economies have their underbellies exposed.

On both continents, banks are hiding behind accounting gobbledygook called Impairment and Fair Value Accounting. But the understanding is filtering through. Tonight (in India) brought news of a blood bath on bourses in the US and Europe. So tomorrow (19th August) will almost certainly see a bloodbath on Indian stock exchanges - as FII Fund Managers make a beeline to the nearest exit. Expect a fall of at least 400 points in the Sensex on 19th August, 2011 before short covering enables a partial recovery.

I believe that this is the beginning of the unravelling of several economies in Europe and of the US economy as well, with them slipping into R-2, needing QE-3 and possibly QE-4.

I shall write again tomorrow to report whether what I said about the bloodbath on Indian stock markets was accurate. I feel comfortable making these gloomy predictions because I currently am sitting on cash, having (fortunately) believed in my own predictions and taken my own advice!

The Gold Standard: In Memoriam

On August 15, 1971, 40 years and 3 days ago, President Nixon, remembered today for another of his “achievements” - the Watergate scandal, announced that the United States will go off the gold standard. Till then, the gold standard meant that the money supply in any country would be limited to a specified proportion of the gold reserves owned by the Government. The gold standard was abandoned when the consumption-hungry Americans found the fiscal discipline it imposed on all Governments too inconvenient, and substituted it with a promise of the United States Government, then the most powerful and richest country on Earth.

After this epochal action, demand for Gold fell worldwide. To such an extent that India (its citizens, not the Government) was the only net importing country in the world, importing what the rest of the world exported, for well over two decades. Till India reached its economic nadir in 1991, when the Government was forced to sell or pledge tonnes of gold to save the country from financial bankruptcy. After that, India has slowly picked up its gold buying again, and Indians are still the world's leading buyers of gold. The RBI has bought back all the gold it pledged, and more. I am also sure that the RBI has recently bought more gold – it announces the value of its foreign currency reserves in US Dollars, but the actual composition is India's best-kept secret. I suspect that the RBI has fallen back on the age-old wisdom of buying gold when all currencies' future looks uncertain.

For aeons, gold has been considered in India as a refuge against uncertainty, as well as a status symbol – something no family would sell unless they were in dire straits, and then too, with the internal understanding that they would buy it back at the earliest. So while India's Government is the 10^th richest in terms of gold holdings officially declared, Indian citizens' private hoard of gold, if added to the RBI's holding, would probably make India the richest nation with the most liquid reserves in the whole world.

In the meanwhile, the freedom from the peg to gold allowed the United States to spend like there was no tomorrow. Whenever it looked like tomorrow would dawn, the United States would instigate a competitive devaluation game among other countries, which enhanced the external value of the dollar, which ensured that tomorrow was deferred yet again. Dollar prices of gold went up briefly following the 1974 oil price shock; and then again after the 1979 oil shock. Then, it continually fell till 2001. So, if one compared gold prices against inflation or any other currency value, gold always suffered, till end of 2001 when it was $272.22 in the NY market. After 9/11, some Middle Eastern countries and their residents, sharing the Eastern love for gold with India, began hoarding up on gold. So dollar prices of gold started looking up. But then, in 2007-8, tomorrow arrived.

By 2009, gold had crossed the hitherto unthinkable barrier of $1,000 an ounce. To put this in context, in August, 1971, when the gold exchange window closed, the price of gold per ounce (1 troy ounce=about 31.1 grams) was $37.60 (according to Niall Ferguson in his excellent book, The Ascent of Money). Going to $1,000 in 38 years means a CAGR of around 9% per annum. A handsome rate, but absolutely mind-boggling, if one allows for the fact that for almost 32 of these 38 years, gold prices hardly rose at a CAGR of 3% in dollar terms, when it rose at all. Do you know what the price of gold now is? It is $1,794 an ounce as I write this, in August 2011. Which means a growth of 79% over the 2000 value of gold.

Let us look at this from another perspective. If an American had turned in $1,000 before the US went off the gold standard, he would have got almost 26.6 ounces of gold. The same quantity of gold today would be worth $47,720. This is an index of how much the value of the dollar has slipped and that of gold has gone up. This means that gold worth $1,000 is now worth almost 48 times as much in 40 years – a CAGR of about 10.1%. Not bad, for something considered as a bad investment by the whole world, for almost 30 years! When the world realizes that gold has proved to be a safer haven than any other currency, there could be a renewed weakening in the belief in the US Dollar as a store of value and as a reserve currency.

Way back in June, 2008 I had written that it was time to buy Gold.  Elsewhere, I have written that gold prices could touch $4,000 an ounce in 3-5 years. At the rate the price of gold has been shooting up in the last few months, this price point should be reached much sooner than 3 years, if only because of the expected continuing weakness of the dollar. So will we see a return to the Gold Standard, or some variant of that? That has to be counted as a distinct possibility after the S&P downgrade of the AAA+ rating of the US.

Till that happens, we Indians should thank our womenfolk for consistently ignoring advice that investing in Gold was a poor bet. Thanks to that, India is possibly the most liquid and financially secure economy in the world today. What's more, it is a hidden strength - it is the reason why Indian families will survive in a world without Medicare/ MedicAid/ Social Security.

(Historical gold dollar price data sourced from www.measuringworth.com and current price from http://goldprice.org)

 

BofA: The vultures are gathering ...

Barely 3 days after I blogged on the death spiral Bank of America seems to be sliding into, the signs of death throes have become clearer. Already, its share price represents only 32% of its book value, showing that the market agrees with my assessment that its assets are massively overstated. I had pointed out only one asset, Goodwill, that called for significant impairment.  
Wall Street Journal now reports that Bank of America has entered into deals to sell the following:

• its Canadian Credit Card portfolio to TD Bank
• its Spanish Credit Card unit 
• its small-business cards in the UK to Barclays

WSJ also reports that BofA intends to sell other card units in Europe. It further speculates that BofA may also sell its stake in China Construction Bank Corp. Another report states that Bank of America has also sold off portions of its credit card business within the United States to Sovereign Bank and to Regions Financial Corporation. In April this year, BofA sold its stake in Black Rock Inc.. 
All these sales are obviously intended to shrink its way into a viable situation by raising money without a share issue, and also thus raising "tangible net worth per share" of Bank of America.
If you think BofA was the only bank in trouble, look at this list of 64 FDIC-insured banks that have failed and closed down in the first 7 months of 2011. This is in addition to 157 banks that failed in 2010, and 138 in 2009. It is obvious that things aren't getting better. But that they have company is cold comfort for BofA, around whom vultures are gathering. 

• In early 2011, it settled charges of mortgage-backed securities fraud charges with BlackRock, PIMCO, Freddie Mac, Fannie Mae, insurer Assured Guaranty and a few others, agreeing to pay $8.5 Bn. These settlements have run into some trouble, and are now facing opposition.
• Already, AIG has claimed $10 Bn damages for securities fraud in sale of mortgage-backed securities by BofA, Merrill and Countrywide. 
• In addition, over 90 similar suits have been filed demanding damages of $197Bn, says the above article, quoting LawyerLinks, a legal consulting firm.
• Now, it  is being reported that the National Credit Union Administration has declared that it is suing several banks for damages of up to $50Bn for misrepresenting safety of securities it sold to several credit unions that collapsed as a result of the investments. Among those likely to be sued is Merrill, now part of BofA. 
• Credit Default Swaps on BofA have risen to their highest level since May 2009, showing nervousness of investors.
• BofA has begun writing down principal on Californian "underwater" home loan mortgages of troubled borrowers. BofA is reported to be seeking immunity from prosecution in return for paying fines and writing down principal outstandings of underwater mortgages.
• Elsewhere, BofA is facing energetic protests from locals fed up of the number of foreclosed properties that are ill-maintained, sending property values in entire localities tumbling. 
• The richest Hedge Fund Manager in the world according to Forbes' 2011 List of Billionaires, John Paulson, and who is known for sticking to his bets for longer than most fund managers, has sold half his stake in BofA and Citigroup.

There is speculation that it could spin off Merrill Lynch Wealth Management and Investment Banking operations. There is also some speculation that BofA could put Countrywide, acquisition of which is by consensus considered as a big corporate blunder, into bankruptcy. However, moves taken to consolidate Countrywide and BofA have clouded BofA's ability to ringfence Countrywide-related liabilities. 
Watch this space! 

The Death Spiral beckons ...

Bloomberg reported that as of August 10, 2011, 186 US-based financial services companies traded for less than 60 percent of their book value, or common shareholder equity, including Bank of America, Citigroup Inc., Morgan Stanley, AIG and SunTrust Banks Inc. Together, they had a market capitalization of $300.5 billion, compared with $686.4 billion of book value. This means that a fall in their share prices to this extent (40%) is well nigh inevitable. 

How likely? These banks are very, very vulnerable. For example, earlier this week, AIG filed a suit accusing Bank of America of securities fraud; demanding damages of $10Bn. This sent the BofA stock down 20%, in addition to the bloodbath that the Dow Jones has experienced in the week after August 2, and the S&P downgrade. Its market cap stood reduced to $68.6Bn. Compare this with just one year-end intangible item on its 2010 Balance Sheet: Goodwill is shown at $73.8Bn (see p.130, Table XIII. See also Footnote 1 below)  – forget the rest of its balance sheet, BofA would have the world believe that this intangible item alone, built up from excess over book value paid for its past acquisitions, is worth more than the entire BofA is worth on Wall Street. How many will believe this, and for how long? There will always be the small boy who shouts, “The Emperor is not wearing any clothes!”. After reading Page 114-115 of its 2010 Annual Report, any accountant will understand that BofA will have to write down goodwill significantly (it wrote down $12.4Bn in 2010) - and to keep the shareholders' equity intact after this write-down, it would need to raise more equity. The dilution this would almost certainly drag the share price lower. Which will require them to raise more equity at even lower prices ... leading to a death spiral.

What about the demand for financial sector shares? All but non-existent. Retail interest was never very visible in the US in equities; now it has disappeared. Institutional investors are worried about what write-down of such intangibles would do to the Balance Sheet – and will stay away from any further issues in sufficient number as to make a public issue a very big gamble that could very easily fail. So the only solution – a government bailout wherein the financial institutions that still bear the TBTF tag (Too Big To Fail) are partly nationalized. Expect this to happen in the not too distant future, when the pressure of reporting numbers that have no relation to stock market prices forces them to look for ways of raising their net worth to blunt the edge of the writedowns that are inevitable already. 
What if the US Government finds it politically unpalatable or impossible to rescue these firms with a QE3? Refer to the title of this post! 




Footnote 1 referred to above: 
Table XIII on p.130, and Table XII and Table XIV before and after it, were the result of BofA's attempt to dress up their Income Statement and Balance Sheet, and the justifications for using these were on page 40. If they had followed GAAP alone, the Tables and the explanation on p.40 would be unnecessary. They used "non-GAAP measures" - euphemism for accounting legerdemain to make accounts smell sweeter, euphemism for which is "additional clarity". The footnote to Table XIII reads: Presents reconciliations of non-GAAP measures to GAAP financial measures. We believe the use of these non-GAAP measures provides additional clarity in assessing the results of the Corporation. Other companies may define or calculate non-GAAP measures differently.

The US Debt Crisis: What does it mean for the World?

Let us do some crystal-ball gazing. 

1. The US debt crisis would certainly have spooked central bankers the world over - they will already have stopped thinking of the dollar as impregnable. If dollar is not reliable as a reserve currency, what is? A few years ago, the Euro would have been seen as a viable alternative. No longer. The Euro and the Dollar are locked in a waltz on a downward sloping dance floor. 
2. No single alternative will emerge. Over a period, before the US gets hit with its next politico-financial crisis (see para 7 below for a more detailed explanation), central bankers of smaller countries will move out of the dollar, eventually maintaining (maybe) no more than 3-4 weeks' US$ transactions worth of dollars. China will do it slowest of all, because they will get hit the most if they were to enter the market as sellers - China is an 8,000-pound gorilla in this arena. Three alternatives come to mind: (a)  more bilateral, regional and broader multilateral initiatives will emerge, for transacting in currencies other than the USD. (b) Gold will be a natural alternative for both, central bankers and the population in general, and (at least in dollar terms), gold will soon zoom past $2,000 per ounce though the present price, an all-time record, (at the time of writing) was at $1,637 in the spot market. (c) some strong currencies like will emerge as temporary havens, for example, Swiss francs.
3. Rating agencies will have to revisit their sovereign rating norms. Currently, it is unthinkable in their models to question the rating of AAA to the US. The rating is maintained even though the country is (by their President's own admission on prime-time television) four days away from default. India's rating was junk grade in 1991, when India teetered on the brink of default, having forex reserves to pay for three weeks of oil imports.  Today, besides the US, Ireland, Portugal, Spain, and Italy (all these countries are either on the brink of default or have been bailed out at least once) are rated higher than India in Euromoney's 2011 country ratings. This already looks so untenable as to damage the reputation of the rater, rather than the country that is rated low! What's worse, rather than downgrade countries, Moody's created three sub-categories within countries with the same rating: resistant (the highest), resilient and vulnerable. So you have countries considered vulnerable in the sense that there is high probability that it may default on its debt. Yet, they have a credit rating of AAA. A higher rating means that companies in these countries can raise money more cheaply from anywhere in the world. 
4. So it is ridiculous that world-beating companies from India have to pay a higher rate of interest on their borrowings when: 
5. • both, the country and its companies boast of far better than average financials and economic projections,
   • very stable Government and political establishment, where successive Governments headed by different political parties have demonstrated continuing commitments to reform and globalization, 
   • the world's most transparent and efficient secondary capital markets (with T+2 settlement cycle), 
   • healthiest banking sector compared to almost any country in the Western world, overseen by the world's most competent central bankers, 
   • higher GDP growth rates and projections than most countries in the world of any consequence bar China,  
   • and world-beating companies and innovators that are major contenders in every major acquisition of any consequence in almost every country in the world.
6. About gold, there is something strange going on: the record prices are bringing people in Europe to the jewelry stores, selling their necklaces and earrings. In India, the reverse is happening. Indians are buying up more gold than before, even at never-before prices! Make no mistake, the Indians are the wise guys. 
7. The US debt crisis is worse than one thinks. The US Government has gotten used to record fiscal deficits. There is no way they will mend their ways. Even if the August 2 crisis is averted, President Obama himself has said that the current law raising the limit will only enable the US to pay for what they have already spent. Nobody seems to notice, especially the sovereign credit raters, that this is the classic definition of a debt trap - struggling to borrow to pay for what you have already spent. Before long, the US will need more limits, to pay for the deficit they are already building up. Obama will end up specializing in going to the House to ask for more money to pay for his predecessor's follies and his own inability to entirely reverse them. A simple statistic is telling: From April 2010 till today, the average per capita GDP has gone up by $1,100 with rising unemployment ("jobless growth") while US per capita National Debt has gone up by $5,200. 
8. China has to manage the other end of the sword - while the US's declining influence will mean its rise, economically, it will hurt more than any other country save the US, from a declining dollar, because they have trillions of them in their coffers.
9. I was amused to read that Apple Inc is today more cash-rich than the US Government, the most powerful Government on Earth!  

Yeh hai Mumbai Meri Jaan

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When I was in my teens, I remember thinking how unsightly the TV atennae were, on the terraces (and sometimes outside the windows) of almost every building. Worse, kites and kite strings would be dangling from several of them, adding to the unsightliness.


In my teens, there was one TV Tower, 300 metres tall, that could be seen from almost anywhere in Mumbai. It was like the Eiffel Tower of Mumbai.  I imagined hundreds of such towers springing up in remote corners of India, as I heard news on Doordarshan (TV and Doordarshan were then synonymous) about one new TV station opening almost every day in the early 1970s. Today, we can hardly see the Mumbai TV Tower, dwarfed as it is by tall buildings in all directions. Today, most of Mumbai's arterial roads have become 2-storeyed most of the way, with multiple levels in some places like Kings' Circle.


As I grew up, and technology touched our lives in many different ways, we noticed huge cable TV dish antennae on a few building roofs. I remember thinking as a young college-going student, that it looked so sci-fi-like and quite out of tune with the times.


A few years on, these have given way to DTH dish antennae and mobile phone towers. Equally unsightly, I can assure the younger generation. With the additional ability (?) to roast our brains if we go too near the towers too often, and for too long. However, by now, we have forgotten how to fly kites; indeed, only a small minority of kids have ever flown kites themselves. So, there are no faded paper kites stuck to these towers - anyway, these towers are no longer a few storeys high.


Up to my teens, I gazed wonderstruck  at Usha Kiran, a 26-storeyed skyscraper (the first time I heard this word, I remember thinking it to be very appropriately descriptive). Today, Usha Kiran is barely visible on the skyline of Mumbai, what with 70-storeyed residential towers, and 14-storeyed car parks springing up.


In a few years, we will see the first 100+ storeyed building in Mumbai. Situated off a road so narrow (cannot be made broader because of flyovers already built). Was just imagining what life would be like for the 101st storey residents.


A 10-minute wait for the elevator, followed by a 5-minute downward journey in the elevator that leaves you yawning to open up your ears. This 1,000-foot drop is followed by a 5-minute walk to the car in the multi-storeyed car park. The ultra-rich resident then gets into a state-of-the-art 2,500-cc engine car whose cost matches the cost of the residence he has bought himself, and drives to the gate, where he joins a queue of other residents' cars, all waiting to join the traffic outside. He takes 25 minutes for the 3 kms to his place of work, never once going beyond the 2nd gear of this 7-gear monster with a low-pitched growl. The higher gears are for use on weekends only. Or for return journeys on nights out, if one is not drunk. That too, only upto Gear 5 for a few seconds at a time. At home, they cannot open windows on both sides of the living room, because the sheer force of the cross-ventilation breeze might easily suck and carry with it some of the Swarovski display pieces into the void of the city down below. (Who knows, some of these homes may even feature oxygen tubes and masks for asthmatics, due to lower levels of oxygen in the air at that height. Future builders may offer this as a unique amenity!) Worse, they will still be low enough to be able to hear the blare of the Bhangra and Disco music in the slums, 100-storeys below, and 1 km away as the crow flies, if they keep a window open.


Yeh Hai Mumbai, Meri Jaan!
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